- The "top-down process" involves "dividing a large program into modular pieces with a clear logical structure," essentially decomposing a problem.
- The "bottom-up process" is a "way of building complex problems... [by] combining existing procedures," fundamentally composing a solution from already existing pieces.
- The "'build your own block'" feature in Scratch provides a way for students to define simple procedures and helper functions that can then be called to create more complex procedures. For example, students can make a block that draws a petal/leaf which they can then use this block as a sub-routine in a script that draws an entire flower.